For about two decades, the different organizations have begun offering various types of electronic services in the world and many researchers have spoken about Governments using multiple approaches to become Smarter. However, there is no consensus and no precise definition of the Smart Government, its components and dimensions. On the other hand, the high cost of implementing macro-scale e-service projects encourages Governments to initially model e-Government and control costs. Hence, over a decade, various models for the development, delivery, evaluation, and other dimensions of e-Government have been presented and discussed, but because of the novelty of the Smart Government as the new generation of e-Government, no specific framework and model are provided. The purpose of this research is to identify the components and dimensions of Smart Government and their classification. Therefore, it tries to use the meta-synthesis method to systematically study scientific documents related to the discussion and to express the dimensions of the Smart Government. Finally, by using the Shannon entropy method, the indices of each dimension are ranked according to previous studies. The result of the research shows that the Smart Government has six dimensions: 1. Smart management and leadership; 2. Infrastructure and Smart technology; 3. Smart interaction; 4. Smart service; 5. Smart environment; and 6. Smart security. The results of the research show that the proposed model is more complete than other studies, and it has a specific category. This research is the first research to rank the indicators and dimensions of Smart Government.

IntroductionIn recent years, the development and digitization of various Government sectors and the necessity for Smartening processes have garnered significant attention. These transformations have led to the evolution of Smart Government as a subsequent step to e-Government, mobile Government, or open Government. One of the components that holds great importance in Smart Government is the utilization of modern metadata standards. Data management standards in Smart Government are deemed essential to ensure stability, interoperability, and security within digital Government systems and services. One of these standards is the Government Information Locator Service (GILS), the applicability of which in Smart Government has been examined.Research Question(s)In this research, the following questions were considered:- What are the main components of Smart Government?- What elements and layers do the Government Information Locator Service (GILS) have?- What is the applicability of the Government Information Locator Service (GILS) in Smart Government?Literature ReviewMany studies have been conducted regarding GILS, each examining various aspects of this standard. Notable works include those by Kalantari and Shahpari (2016); Karimi Isfahani and Khani (2022); Torabzadeh and Poureisa (2022); Irhamni et al. (2015); Pasek (2017); Guo et al. (2017); Battista et al. (2017); Kaplan and Gunter (2020); and Andrews and Duhon (2021). For instance, in their research, Torabzadeh and Poureisa (2022) examined the role of the National Information Exchange Model in Smart Government. Likewise, Anders and Duhon 2021) focused on the integration of location-based public information services with new data from the U.S. Government in their study.MethodologyThis research is applied in nature and was conducted using qualitative content analysis. The statistical population of this study consisted of the components of Smart Government and the elements of location-based public information services. For gathering the necessary data, both documentary and observational methods were utilized. In the documentary method, relevant research and documents were reviewed to identify the components of Smart Government. By consulting reliable citation and information databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, the Iranian Scientific Journals database (Magiran), and searching for keywords like Smart Government, Government modernization, Smart Government components, innovation, digitization, Smart city, and others, combined with Boolean operators, relevant studies were identified. Initially, 178 articles were identified. After filtering the identified research, removing duplicates, and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria (such as the relevance of the article's subject, eliminating non-research sources, reviewing article abstracts, etc.), suitable sources for extracting the components of Smart Government were identified, resulting in 43 articles being analyzed. In the observational phase, by examining various sections and components of GILS, the main and detailed elements of this standard were identified. Subsequently, using a checklist tool, the alignment between the elements of GILS and the components of Smart Government was established.ResultsThe findings of this research showed that the main components of the Smart Government are grouped into 18 axes with 75 partial components. To create a Smart Government, components such as information technology, cyber security, transparency and access, digital identity, privacy and data security, interoperability, ethical and legal considerations, appropriate policy, technical infrastructure, and digital empowerment have been proposed. The elements used in the GILS standard are placed in eight general categories, which are: simple description elements, subject description elements, URIs, resource formats and technical features, administrative details, administrative metadata, source/reference, and access/copyright conditions. Each of these categories consists of several main and sub-elements. Also, the findings of the research revealed that the Government Information Locator Service can be used in the development of a Smart Government in various dimensions. One of the strengths of this standard, which increases its functionality in the Smart Government, is the use of appropriate descriptive and management metadata to access Government data. Determining and describing the required metadata (such as the title, creator, format, data type, etc.), using metadata, storing metadata, managing and maintaining metadata, and determining access and permissions are among the most important applications of the Government Information Locator Service in the Smart Government. Since registering appropriate metadata and facilitating access to information needed by citizens is one of the main components of a Smart Government, the Government information service finder can play a significant role in data management and identification of related data and their protection.DiscussionThe findings of this research indicated that GILS has a high functionality in data management, and metadata management, employing uniform methods for metadata registration, enabling access to necessary data, maintaining privacy and data security, as well as ensuring data transparency. On the other hand, the research findings revealed that GILS, by increasing transparency and facilitating easier access to Government information, can enhance the communication between the Government and citizens and build public trust in Smart systems. The GILS standard plays a significant role in improving access to Government data. Furthermore, the findings of this study highlighted that privacy is a crucial aspect of GILS; one of the objectives of this standard is to protect individuals' privacy and safeguard personal information. Under this standard, Governments are required to provide access to public and Governmental information while paying special attention to individuals' privacy. Authentication is another vital factor in GILS. It involves verifying the identity and credentials of an individual or organization seeking access to Government data or information. This is crucial because ensuring that the individual or organization in question is authorized to access Government information holds high importance.ConclusionOverall, it can be stated that the structuring of Government processes through the use of metadata standards can facilitate and expedite the development of Smart Government. The findings of this research indicated that providing efficient technological infrastructure and establishing appropriate information systems for Government communications and service delivery to citizens, as well as developing security systems to protect sensitive Governmental data and information, are among the essential requirements of a Smart Government. This is because a Smart Government needs a strong digital infrastructure to support online service delivery, data management, and communication with citizens. Another component of a Smart Government is transparency and access to information. To this end, creating systems to enhance transparency and ensure easy access to Government information for citizens and the media, along with providing online services, plays a significant role in Smart governance.

Due to the novelty of the concept of Smart Government as the new generation of e-Government, a comprehensive model for organizations to deliver services to users has not yet been presented. The aim of this research is to design a model for service delivery processes in a Smart Government. The research approach is qualitative. In this study, interviews were conducted with managers, academic experts, and specialists in the fields of e-Government and Smart Government to identify the factors influencing Smart Government. After analyzing the data obtained from the interviews, approximately 102 codes were extracted. Based on the similarity and conceptual congruence of these codes, they were categorized into concepts, and in a broader stage, into 37 sub-themes, and finally, into 17 main themes. The 17 main themes identified for designing the Smart Government model are categorized into the following sections: Outcomes (Smart interaction, access to Smart services, increased Smart informational stability, perceived usefulness), Contextual Factors (financial, legal, technological, and institutional factors), Causal Factors (organizational factors, extra-organizational factors), Intervening Factors (cost, social influence, public evaluation of the Government, perceived risk), and Strategy (needs assessment, decision-making, and knowledge management).

The present study was conducted with the aim of developing a framework for managers’ engagement enthusiasm with Smart technologies in the context of a platform Government. This research is applied in nature, employs a qualitative data collection method, and utilizes a thematic analysis approach as its research execution method. Using the three-step thematic analysis method, the study offers a conceptual framework for understanding the enthusiasm of managerial engagement with Smart technologies in the platform Government. A total of 15 interviews were conducted, and through analysis and coding of related texts, the descriptive codes derived from the first phase were grouped into related categories. Based on the subject literature and theoretical sensitivity, a total of 231 open/descriptive codes, 159 basic themes, 22 organizing themes, and 8 overarching themes were identified. In the subsequent sections, the framework for managerial engagement enthusiasm with technology in the platform Government was presented as a thematic network. The proposed framework in this study identifies the various dimensions that Governments must consider in their activities and programs to realize and institutionalize a Smart Government. The research attempts to provide a comprehensive framework by identifying key dimensions that can serve as the basis for Government planning and policymaking.

Smart governance is a technology-based governance concept that aims to increase efficiency, transparency, and public participation. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the competencies of Government managers in the era of Smart governance. The method is applied in terms of purpose and mixed in terms of nature. The statistical population of the research includes university professors and Government managers in Garmsar city, who were selected as a statistical sample using the snowball purposive sampling method and based on the principle of theoretical adequacy, 25 people were selected as a statistical sample. The data collection tool in the qualitative part is in-depth interviews (semi-structured). Interview data collection was achieved using the Q method. Also, the validity and reliability of the data were confirmed using the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) index and the reliability of the two coders, respectively. After that, the data was analyzed and examined using SPSS software, and finally, according to the subjective data of the statistical sample, the competence of Government managers in the era of Smart governance was explained. The results of the research show that seven competencies derived from the subjective data of university professors and Government managers in Garmsar city, including: managerial and organizational competencies, analytical and strategic competencies, communication and social competencies, technological and digital competencies, ethical and cultural competencies, innovation competencies, learning and personal development competencies, resilience and change management competencies, are among the necessary competencies for Government managers in the era of Smart governance.

This study aims to investigate the impact of board gender diversity on firm performance and risk management, with a focus on the moderating effects of CEO education, CEO power, and institutional investors, in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical sample includes 116 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over the period from 2018 to 2022. The models employed in this study are multivariate linear regression models, analyzed using EViews 10 software. The hypothesis testing results indicate a significant and negative relationship between board gender diversity and financial performance (return on assets). There is a significant and positiverelationship between board gender diversity and financial performance (return on equity). No significant relationship was found between board gender diversity and financial performance (Tobin's Q). A significant and positive relationship was identified between board gender diversity and economic performance (market value added and economic value added). Moreover, there is a significant and positive relationship between board gender diversity and non-financial performance (corporate social responsibility). However, no significant relationship was found between board gender diversity and other non-financial performance indicators (innovation, employee growth, internal process factor, customer factor, and learning and growth factor). Additionally, no significant relationship was observed between board genderdiversity and risk management (operational risk, reporting risk management, and strategic risk management). There is, however, a significant and positive relationship between board gender diversity and risk management regarding non-compliance with laws and regulations.

In this paper, a new method for extending and relaxing the noise-coupling (NC) technique is proposed to enhance the noise-shaping order without adding the number of integrators. The noise-shaping order of the introduced ∑∆ modulator whit applying a second-order noise-coupling technique is enhanced and its performance with optimizing the noise transfer function (NTF) zeros is improved. Also, by removing the analog adder at feedforward path and transferring it to a new feedback branch before the last integrator and adding second-order NC path can be decreased the input voltage swing to the quantizer. Thus, by improving the modulator resolution, power consumption can be reduced. Mathematical analyses and behavioural simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the new NC method. To examine its performance, a 2nd-order single loop ΣΔ modulator was designed. The new noise-coupling method is used to achieve the three-order noise shaping to increase the resolution with low complexity and low-power. The results show an outstanding improvement in signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) compared to the conventional structure.

Background & objectives: File fracture is one of the main concerns in root canal therapy, which can affect endodontic treatment outcomes. The present study aimed to assess the fracture rate of the Smart Tract X3 as a new file system, in comparison with the commonly used rotary file system, during the preparation of simulated severely curved root canals. Methods: A total of  180 resin blocks with simulated severely curved canals were randomly assigned to three equal groups (n=60) including Smart Tract X3, ProTaper Universal and Neoniti. Each set of files was used for cleaning and shaping of five canals, in total, 12 sets of files were used to prepare 60 channels in each group. All files were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The number (%) of fractures, location, length and distance of fractured segments from the apex of the block were recorded. Results: Overall 60 files of Smart tractX3 and ProTaper universal (5 files in a set) and 36 files of the Neoniti (3 files in a set) were used. The fracture rate did not show a statistically significant difference in between-groups comparison. All fractures occurred at the apical third of the canal with the mean length of fractured segments and the distance of fractured segments from the apex of the block 2. 228±0. 216 mm and 0. 845±0. 186 mm, respectively. Conclusion: There was no significant statistical difference among Smart Tract X3, ProTaper Universal, and Neoniti files regarding the incidence of fracture during the preparation of five severely curved canals.